A miniature reading room for the KLOW four-peptide research blend — four small worlds, one quiet bench.
KLOW Clinic

PLATE 07 / REFERENCES

The reading list, sortable.

Every numbered claim on this site cites one of the entries below. Sort by year, by component, by journal, or filter to a single component literature.

Back to researchDose context

How this list is organized

Citations are numbered in roughly the order they first appear on the site. Each entry includes authors, journal, year, DOI where available, and a direct link to PubMed, PMC, or the publisher. A small color dot beside each entry indicates which KLOW component the citation primarily covers (sage for KPV, sky blue for BPC-157, warm tan for GHK-Cu, coral for TB-500 / native thymosin beta-4, gray for combination or regulatory context). The interactive table below supports sorting and filtering — click a column header to sort, or use the search field to filter by component name or year.

The twenty-two citations span 1992 to 2025. The oldest entry is the Cassimeris biochemistry paper establishing native thymosin beta-4's one-to-one complex with G-actin; the newest are 2025 systematic reviews of BPC-157 and tripeptide IBD therapeutics. The site's research-only framing depends on this list being navigable: if a claim does not have a number beside it, it should not have been made.

Outbound source links

PubMed and PMC links point to the canonical record for each citation where one exists. Where the publisher is the most authoritative source (Frontiers, PLOS, Nature, ScienceDirect), the link points there. A small subset of older or review-only references is included via the parent review article rather than the primary trial paper — these are noted in the citation text and are not load-bearing for the quantitative claims on the site.

  1. KLOW blend regulatory and composition reference. Vendor composition and FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee evaluation schedule (July 23–24, 2026); WADA prohibited-list status (TB-500 under S2; BPC-157 under S0, effective 2022). Aggregated from FDA bulk drug substance lists and WADA Prohibited List 2026. ↗
  2. Dalmasso G, Charrier-Hisamuddin L, Nguyen HTT, Yan Y, Sitaraman S, Merlin D. PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(1):166-178. ↗
  3. Kannengiesser K, Maaser C, Heidemann J, Luegering A, Ross M, Brzoska T, Bohm M, Luger TA, Domschke W, Kucharzik T. Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2008;14(3):324-331. ↗
  4. Land SC. Inhibition of cellular and systemic inflammation cues in human bronchial epithelial cells by melanocortin-related peptides: mechanism of KPV action and a role for MC3R agonists. International Journal of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology. 2012;4(2):59-73. ↗
  5. PepT1-targeted nanodrug based on co-assembly of anti-inflammatory peptide and immunosuppressant for combined treatment of acute and chronic DSS-induced colitis. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2024;15:1442876. ↗
  6. Schaible E-V, Steinsträßer A, Jahn-Eimermacher A, Luh C, Sebastiani A, Kornes F, Pieter D, Schäfer MK, Engelhard K, Thal SC. Single administration of tripeptide α-MSH(11–13) attenuates brain damage by reduced inflammation and apoptosis after experimental traumatic brain injury in mice. PLOS ONE. 2013;8(8):e71056. ↗
  7. Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018;19(7):1987. ↗
  8. Ghazvini et al. Anti-inflammatory peptides as promising therapeutics agent against inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review. JGH Open. 2025;9(4):e70212. ↗
  9. Mao S, Huang J, Li J, et al. Exploring the beneficial effects of GHK-Cu on an experimental model of colitis and the underlying mechanisms. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2025;16:1551843. ↗
  10. Chen H, Yang P, Xue P, et al. Food-derived tripeptide-copper self-healing hydrogel for infected wound healing. Biomaterials Research. 2025;29:0139. ↗
  11. Lysine-proline-valine peptide mitigates fine dust-induced keratinocyte apoptosis and inflammation by regulating oxidative stress and modulating the MAPK/NF-κB pathway. Life Sciences. 2025;365:123528. ↗
  12. Krivic A, Anic T, Seiwerth S, Huljev D, Sikiric P. Achilles detachment in rat and stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157: promoted tendon-to-bone healing and opposed corticosteroid aggravation. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 2006;24(5):982-989. ↗
  13. Cerovecki T, Bojanic I, Brcic L, Radic B, Vukoja I, Seiwerth S, Sikiric P. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (PL 14736) improves ligament healing in the rat. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 2010;28(9):1155-1161. ↗
  14. Novinscak T, Brcic L, Staresinic M, Jukic I, Radic B, Pevec D, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as an effective therapy for muscle crush injury in the rat. Surgery Today. 2008;38(8):716-725. ↗
  15. Cassimeris L, Safer D, Nachmias VT, Zigmond SH. Interaction of thymosin beta 4 with muscle and platelet actin: implications for actin sequestration in resting platelets. Biochemistry. 1992;31(20):4839-4845. ↗
  16. Malinda KM, Sidhu GS, Mani H, Banaudha K, Maheshwari RK, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4 accelerates wound healing. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1999;113(3):364-368. ↗
  17. Sosne G, Szliter EA, Barrett R, Kernacki KA, Kleinman H, Hazlett LD. Thymosin beta 4 promotes corneal wound healing and decreases inflammation in vivo following alkali injury. Experimental Eye Research. 2002;74(2):293-299. ↗
  18. Bock-Marquette I, Saxena A, White MD, DiMaio JM, Srivastava D. Thymosin β4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature. 2004;432(7016):466-472. ↗
  19. Smart N, Risebro CA, Melville AAD, Moses K, Schwartz RJ, Chien KR, Riley PR. Thymosin β4 induces adult epicardial progenitor mobilization and neovascularization. Nature. 2007;445(7124):177-182. ↗
  20. Vasireddi N, Hahamyan H, Salata MJ, Karns M, Calcei JG, Voos JE, Apostolakos JM. Emerging use of BPC-157 in orthopaedic sports medicine: a systematic review. HSS Journal. 2025;21(3):15563316251355551. ↗
  21. Regeneration or risk? A narrative review of BPC-157 for musculoskeletal healing. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine. 2025;18(8):s12178-025-09990-7. ↗
  22. Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Rucman R, Drmic D, Stupnisek M, Kokot A, et al. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157: its multiple counteracting roles, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic potential. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2018;24(18):1990-2001. ↗
  23. Pickart L. Tripeptide-copper complex GHK-Cu(II): a review of the chemistry and biological function (covering Mulder GD, et al. 1994 ischemic-wound controlled trial in 120 diabetic/venous ulcer patients and Leyden JJ, Stephens T, Finkey MB et al. 2002 12-week cosmetic photodamage trial in 67 women). Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition. 2008;19(8):969-988. ↗
  24. Campbell JD, McDonough JE, Zeskind JE, et al. A gene expression signature of emphysema-related lung destruction and its reversal by the tripeptide GHK. Genome Medicine. 2012;4(8):67. ↗
  25. Adnan SB, et al. Exploring the role of tripeptides in wound healing and skin regeneration: a comprehensive review. International Journal of Medical Sciences. 2025;22(15):4175-4198. ↗